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Kakabalan tan Diwata

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Anito, o anitu, o kakabalan ed Mitolohiya na Pilipinas, tanlong so espiritu na saray kaanakan, saray espiritu na natay, saray dimonyong espiritu, tan saray kahoy a ladawan a simbolo o panangaro ed sikara. [1][2][3] Panag-anito so ritwal tanlong so shaman na makipagsarita ed espiritu na saray natay tan saray kaanakan tan uray saray dimonyo a espiritu. [4]

Say Diwata Diwata ed mitolohiya na Pilipinas tanlong saray lambana (maliit a engkanto a may pakpak), saray espiritu na kalikasan, langit a nilalang, tan saray diyos na mitolohikal. Ed katutubo a relihiyon, daytoy ya tanlong ed langit a nilalang tan espiritu na kalikasan a ali ya nagin tao. Saray espiritu ya toy puwede a mangikabil ed saray tumulong ed bagay, tanom, tan hayop hanggang saray diyos ya simbolo na kapangyarihan na kalikasan, abstrakto a konsepto, o uray saray diyos ed saray pantheon. [5] [5][6][7][8] Panag-Diwata so ritwal na panangdayaw, panangpasalamat tan panangsamba ed saray diyos tan espiritu na kalikasan.[1]

Saray Diwata so kabibilangan na saray diyos, diyosa, langit a nilalang, tan sika-sika ya saray dibino, semi-dibino, tan importanteng personalidad ed klasikal a mitolohiya tan katutubo a relihiyon na Pilipinas, a kolektibong tawag so Diwata, tan saray istorya da ay umabot tan yanda ed gatus o libong taon na nakalipas.[9][10][11][12] balew ya Bathala inkat ed “Diwata” bilang pamag-una a palek na “saray diyos” tan agin kahulugan na anoman a sobrenatural a nilalang ya pinagsasamban ta kontrol na so bagay ed biyag o kalikasan. Ed unay na panahon, so Bathala (o Bathalà/Maykapál) inikakabit ed Diyos na Kristyano tan agin kapareho na kahulugan na Diyós.[13][14][15][16]

An Panag-anito so tawag ed saray séance, a kadawyan ya atakey ya saray sabali tan ed ibang ritwal o selebrasyon, ed sika sa Baylan (Visayan: babaylan, Tagalog: katalonan) so agserbi ya medyum para ed direkto a panagkomunikar ed saray espiritu. So paniniwala ed anito, kadawyan ya tawagen ed literatura na intelektwal na Anitismo (Spanish: anitismo o anitería). Literal ya kayang sabihin na panangdayaw ed saray espiritu na saray natay.[17][18][19]

Anitismo o ancestor worship ya inabaga ed Hispano-Filipino a bersyon na anitismo,[20] uray la ag na masansan agayon, ed una ya prekolonyal ya paniniwala na saray Tagalog so padayon a panangdayaw tan panagtawag ed anito, saray espiritu o kalag na saray kaanakan da. Daytoy ya orihinal ya kahulugan na “espiritu na kaanakan.”[21]

Saray Diyos ed Abong ya Panangtokar na Saray Katutubong Tribu

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So saray katutubong relihiyon ed Pilipinas so orasin ya panangtokar tan ugali na saray iba-iba ya etniko ya grupo ed bansa. Kadawyan da mantaray ed animismo, ya paniniwala ya am-in a bagay ed sika’y tao, ayop, tanem, tan ed bilay agka’y diwa, kalag, o espiritu.[22] [23][24][25]Ed saray daytoy a relihiyon, agko’y dua ya pinaka-importante ya klase na espiritu:

Diwata – daytoy so panagaran ed saray dios, bathala, tan espiritu na bilay o kinaban.

Anito – daytoy so saray kahoy ya ribulto tan espiritu o kalag na saray pumanaw la, lalo na saray bayani tan saray amay o lolo.

Kadawyan, saray istorya tan panangisuro na katutubong relihiyon ipapasa la ed pamagkuku-wento na saray amay tan lolo ya man ed anak. Pero, agko’y met saray grupo ya agsasansanay la ya isurat so panangtokar da ed saray bulong, kawayan, o sabali ya gamit, gamit so lokal ya panagsurat ya gamit ed matalas ya bakal.[22] [23] [24] [25]

Saray Espiritu

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So tapayan ya lubnganan ed Manunggul ya inlabas ed saray yungib ed Tabon ed Palawan agpakita ed maysa'y kalag tan maysa'y espiritu ya managtolelay ya mangibyahe ed sabali ya bilay ya espiritu, sakay ed bangka (c. 890–710 BCE)
Saray kahoy ya anito ya ibinebenta ed isla na Siquijor

Saray daan ya Pilipino so animistiko. Mantaray da la ya amin ya bagay agka’y espiritu – manibatan ed bato tan kahoy, tan saray ayop, tao, tan saray likas ya pangyayari.[26] Say saray espiritu ya daytoy ed Pangasinan agtawag ya diwa, tan say kalag na saray pumanaw agtawag ya anito, ya manibatan ed Proto-Malayo-Polynesian qanitu tan Proto-Austronesian qaNiCu ("espiritu na pumanaw). Agko’y kapareho ya balikas ed sabali ya Austronesian ya kultura: arog na aniti ed Micronesia, hantu o antu ed Malaysia tan Indonesia, nitu ed Nage, tan atua tan aitu ed Polynesia. Agko met kasinsin a balikas ed katutubo ed Taiwan: ed Tao (anito), Taivoan (alid), Seediq tan Atayal (utux), Bunun (hanitu o hanidu), tan Tsou (hicu).[27][28] So anito maibabaga ed dua ya kinabilangan: saray espiritu na saray ninuno (anito ninuno) tan saray dios tan espiritu na kinaban (diwata).[29][30][31]

Anito – Saray Espiritu na Saray Ninuno

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Saray Igorot hipag ya anito na ninuno, espiritu na saray mandirigma (Template:Circa)
Ifugao hogang ed Banaue Rice Terraces, anitong tanod ya inaram tan Tibanglan o tree fern ya tinmey ya balitok, ilalap ed dalan kas simbolo ed prusisyon

So ninunò ("anito ninuno") agka’y espiritu na totoo ya ninuno, saray bayani ed kultura, o kadawyan ya espiritu ya mantulong ed pamilya. Saray daan ya Pilipino mantaray da ya no matay so maysa’y tao, so “malaya” ya kalag na (Bisaya: kalag; Tagalog: kaluluwa) manangis ya ed bilay na saray espiritu, kadawyan manalabong ed dayat sakay ed bangka (bangka o baloto).[29][32][33]

So Pan-anito o Panag-anito so oras ya managsarita so babaylan ed saray espiritu na saray pumanaw tan saray espiritu na saray ninuno, kaabay la met saray sayan ya espiritu.[29][34][35]

Mantaray so daan ya Tagalog ed anito, saray espiritu o kalag na saray kamaganak da. Pinarangarang da tan sinamba da daytoy ed araw-araw da ya panagbiag, lalo ed espiritu na saray ina tan lolo da ya pumanaw. Saray espiritu na saray ninuno kadawyan ya ipakitang idolo ya bassit ya ilalap ed bilay, minsan inaram ed balitok tan agka’y panagway na ayop, kasla buaya.[36][37]

Saray anito dimet la makitkit ed bilay. Say sabali kadawyan ya mantaray da ya abel ed kabundukan, kakaykayuan, tan kapatagan. Kadawyan da la so kalag na saray daan ya sundalo o umuna ya tao ya ninayeg ed say lugar. Mantaray so Tagalog ya saray daytoy ya espiritu mabalin da’y mangted panangsalimetmet wenno makapaminsala, kaya dakel so panangarangarang da ed sikara.[36][37][38][39]

Diyay kapareho na saray sabali ya kultura a managsamba ed dakel a dios tan espiritu ya agka agaram idolo, so saray Tagalog agaram da ed pisikal ya representasyon para ed sabali ya anito ya may kabangay ed panimalay. So tunggal rehiyon tan tribo agka saray sarisaray ya ngaran para ed saray espiritu. Bayat a panag-anito ed saray Tagalog, atoy so sabali-sabali ya panag-anagan: nitu, aitu, o hantu. Ipamati daytoy no kasano kaylap tan kayaralem so panangiwala ed espiritu na saray ninuno ed bilay tan kultura na Southeast Asia.[36][37][40][41]

Anito - Saray dios-diosan tan sayan ya espiritu

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Ed panangiwala na Pilipino, lalo na ed moderno ya panahon, atoy saray anito ya panangaran da ed bakak a dios, dios-diosan, wenno sayan ya espiritu. Kaabay da ed saray kilala a aswang, yawa, wenno mangalo ed Tagalog tan Visayas. Agka kasinsin ed sabali ya diwata wenno ninuno ya mabalin ya awasan ed atang, daytoy ya espiritu sobra ka sayan tan agka mabalin ya lapitan o laoen. Imbes ya sambaan, sayan ya espiritu mas ansaan, palayasen, wenno pakadusan.[42][43][44][42][45][46][47]

Anito tan so Kalibotan na Saray Espiritu

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Ed saray sabali ya grupo-etniko, atoy ed saray salsalikut a lugar para ed kalibotan na saray espiritu. So pagyanan na say kalag mabalin ya basey ed klasey na panamatay na, edad, wenno panagugali na ed panagbiag. Sakey ed panang-abot na Kristiyanismo tan Islam, agka atoy panangpanunot ed langit wenno impyerno. Imbes daytoy, so kalibotan na espiritu sakey ya dimensyon ya kaabay so material ya kalibotan. Saray kalag manakabaleg ed sakey, managsama la ed saray pumanaw da ya kamaganak tan manangbiag la met a kas normal ed kalibotan na saray espiritu.[48]

Ed sabali ya panangiwala, so sayan ya kalag ya marakeg kailangang agsakit ed pananglinis tan panagdalus sakey na so mabalin na la so sumrek ed espesipiko ya gingharian na espiritu. Kalpas na, so kalag ag-anak manen ed panibayo pagkatapos na sakey ya tinudlong panawen ed kalibotan na espiritu.[49][50] Ed sabali ya kultura, kasla ed Kalinga, so panagkabael ya batok (tattoo) sakey ya rekisito tan masarakan so kalag ed gingharian na saray ninuno da. Ed sabali ya kultura, so tattoo magsilbi la tan suga tan panangidaan ed panagpanaw da ed abong a panagbiag.[51]

Ugnayan na Kalibotan na Saray Espiritu tan Material ya Kalibotan

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Saray espiritu na saray ninuno agka balet ya makaimpluwensiya ed kalibotan na saray agagaw, tan so kalibotan na agagaw mabalin la met ya makaapekto ed sika.[52] So pag-anito sakey ya ritwal tan panagtawag ed manarakeg ya espiritu na saray ninuno para ed panangsalimetmet, panangidaan (kalara wenno kalda), wenno panangisuro.[53] Saray espiritu na saray ninuno ya managsilbi kas tinugyanan na saray dios panangaranan da la pintakasi wenno pitulon. Saray espiritu ya marakeg na saray pumanaw mabalin la met ya agpakita kas multo (mantiw) ya mangidulot ed marakeg ya epekto ed agbiag. Mabalin gamiten so pag-anito tan panangkapabcal da o panangipalpalayas.[29] Importante met la so saray espiritu na saray ninuno ed oras na sakit wenno kamatayan, ta sila so panangiwala a managtawag ed kalag tan paanayan na ed sabali ya panagbiag, panangidaan na ed panagpanaw, wenno panangrekep na ed kalibotan na espiritu.[54]

Diwata - Saray Espiritu na Kinaiyahan tan Saray Bathala o Dios

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Ladawan na Diwata Agusan image (900–950 AD) ya nausig ed 1917 ed gilid na Wawa ya kailugan ed Esperanza, Agusan del Sur, Mindanao. Pinalangaran ed saray tatayen kas larawan na Diwata, tan et agui ed the American Field Museum

Ed sabali ya etniko ya grupo, saray espiritu, diyos, bathala naalala la kas diwata. Say toy saray espiritu mabalin:

Karaniwan la ya espiritu ya mangidulin ed sakey a bagay, tanom, animal, wenno lugar,[29][55] Saray dios ya managsilbi kas representasyon na abstract ya konsepto wenno natural ya panangyari,[29][56] Saray dios ya kabalewaan ed sakey a grupo na saray bathala o dios (pantheon).[57][58] Say diwata masansan la tan sabali-sabali ya ngaran kasla dewatu, divata, duwata, ruwata, dewa, dwata, tan diya ed sabali-sabali ya salitan Pilipino. Say salita ya diwa ed Tagalog (a panangipakahulugan ya “espiritu” wenno “isip”) naggapo ed Sanskrit ya devata (देवता) wenno devá (देव), a ipakahulugan ya “dios” wenno “tao na langit”. Say ngaran a diwata bunga na panangigapu ed Hindu-Buddhist ya panangiwala babaen ed indirect ya koneksyon na Pilipinas ed Southern Asia babaen ed Srivijaya tan Majapahit.[29][6]

Sikato met la, agto'y agkapareho no say an-anayon ya binubunton a ikakabew ya diwata depende ed etniko ya grupo. Ed sabali ya grupo kasla B'laan, Cuyonon Visayan, tan Tagalog, so Diwata et ipakahulugan da kas pinaka-ngato ya dios ed pantheon da, tan sigun to agkaiba met la so ngaran para ed espiritu ya agto'y tao.[29][5][6]

Saray Diwata ed mitolohiya na Pilipinas et ikalapped to ed saray diwata, saray espiritu na kinaiyahan, saray langit ya binubunton, tan saray mitolohikal ya bathala. Ed katutubong relihiyon, partikular la so panangitukoy to ed celestial ya binubunton tan espiritu na kinaiyahan ya agto'y naging tao. Say toy espiritu mabalin la man-gapo ed managtanod ed bagay, tanom, wenno animal, tan abante ed dios ya ipakahulugan na natural ya puwersa, abstract ya ideya, wenno kabew ed pantheon ya dios

Saray reperensya

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  1. 1 2 Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society. Quezon City, Manila, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
  2. ↑ "anito - Diksiyonaryo". https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/anito. Inala nen 2025-02-12.
  3. ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (December 2013). "The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress". Oceanic Linguistics. 52 (2): 493–523. doi:10.1353/ol.2013.0016. ISSN 1527-9421.
  4. ↑ Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society. Quezon City, Manila, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
  5. 1 2 3 Patricia, Patricia; Buitrago Palacios, Nátali (2014-12-30). "Los opositores en el proceso de restitución de tierras: análisis cuantitativo de la jurisprudencia, 2012-2014". Revista de Derecho Público (33): 1–34. doi:10.15425/redepub.33.2014.29. ISSN 1909-7778.
  6. 1 2 3 Potet, Jean-Paul (2017). Ancient beliefs and customs of the Tagalogs. Clichy: Jean-Paul G. Potet. ISBN 978-0-244-34873-1.
  7. ↑ Resurreccion, C. O. (March 1965). "Proceedings of the International Congress on Rizal, December 4–8, 1961. Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission, Manila, 1962. Pp. xxvii, 496". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 6 (1): 133–135. doi:10.1017/s0217781100002623. ISSN 0217-7811.
  8. ↑ Murawski, Krzysztof (1984-12-31). "El triunfo de Hunahpue Ixbalanque: paradigma del renacimiento en la religión de los mayas". Estudios Latinoamericanos. 9: 11–44. doi:10.36447/estudios1984.v9.art1. ISSN 0137-3080.
  9. ↑ Patricia, Patricia; Buitrago Palacios, Nátali (2014-12-30). "Los opositores en el proceso de restitución de tierras: análisis cuantitativo de la jurisprudencia, 2012-2014". Revista de Derecho Público (33): 1–34. doi:10.15425/redepub.33.2014.29. ISSN 1909-7778.
  10. ↑ Potet, Jean-Paul (2017). Ancient beliefs and customs of the Tagalogs. Clichy: Jean-Paul G. Potet. ISBN 978-0-244-34873-1.
  11. ↑ Resurreccion, C. O. (March 1965). "Proceedings of the International Congress on Rizal, December 4–8, 1961. Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission, Manila, 1962. Pp. xxvii, 496". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 6 (1): 133–135. doi:10.1017/s0217781100002623. ISSN 0217-7811.
  12. ↑ Murawski, Krzysztof (1984-12-31). "El triunfo de Hunahpue Ixbalanque: paradigma del renacimiento en la religión de los mayas". Estudios Latinoamericanos. 9: 11–44. doi:10.36447/estudios1984.v9.art1. ISSN 0137-3080.
  13. ↑ Patricia, Patricia; Buitrago Palacios, Nátali (2014-12-30). "Los opositores en el proceso de restitución de tierras: análisis cuantitativo de la jurisprudencia, 2012-2014". Revista de Derecho Público (33): 1–34. doi:10.15425/redepub.33.2014.29. ISSN 1909-7778.
  14. ↑ Potet, Jean-Paul (2017). Ancient beliefs and customs of the Tagalogs. Clichy: Jean-Paul G. Potet. ISBN 978-0-244-34873-1.
  15. ↑ Resurreccion, C. O. (March 1965). "Proceedings of the International Congress on Rizal, December 4–8, 1961. Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission, Manila, 1962. Pp. xxvii, 496". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 6 (1): 133–135. doi:10.1017/s0217781100002623. ISSN 0217-7811.
  16. ↑ Murawski, Krzysztof (1984-12-31). "El triunfo de Hunahpue Ixbalanque: paradigma del renacimiento en la religión de los mayas". Estudios Latinoamericanos. 9: 11–44. doi:10.36447/estudios1984.v9.art1. ISSN 0137-3080.
  17. ↑ Vermander, Benoît (2010-09-15). "Michael Rudolph, Ritual Performances as Authenticating Practices: Cultural representations of Taiwan's aborigines in times of political changes". China Perspectives. 2010 (3). doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.5323. ISSN 2070-3449.
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  22. 1 2 Almocera, Ruel A., (2005) Popular Filipino Spiritual Beliefs with a proposed Theological Response. in Doing Theology in the Philippines. Suk, John., Ed. Mandaluyong: OMF Literature Inc. Pp 78-98
  23. 1 2 Maggay, Melba Padilla (1999). Filipino Religious Consciousness. Quezon City: Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture.
  24. 1 2 Sitoy, T. Valentino Jr. (1985). A history of Christianity in the Philippines Volume 1: The Initial Encounter. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. ISBN 9711002558.
  25. 1 2 Demetrio, Francisco R.; Cordero-Fernando, Gilda; Nakpil-Zialcita, Roberto B.; Feleo, Fernando (1991). The Soul Book: Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion. GCF Books, Quezon City. ASIN B007FR4S8G.
  26. ↑ Royle, Stephen (2018-11-30). "Tips from the blog XI: docx to pdf". https://doi.org/10.59350/fkbwr-efa03. Inala nen 2025-03-16.
  27. ↑ Apostol, Virgil Mayor (2012). Way of the Ancient Healer: Sacred Teachings from the Philippine Ancestral Traditions. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-58394-597-1.
  28. ↑ Baldick, Julian (2013). Ancient religions of the Austronesian world: from Australasia to Taiwan. International library of ethnicity, identity and culture. London New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-357-3.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Say lingo: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  30. ↑ Template:Citation
  31. ↑ Royle, Stephen (2018-11-30). "Tips from the blog XI: docx to pdf". https://doi.org/10.59350/fkbwr-efa03. Inala nen 2025-03-16.
  32. ↑ Royle, Stephen (2018-11-30). "Tips from the blog XI: docx to pdf". https://doi.org/10.59350/fkbwr-efa03. Inala nen 2025-03-16.
  33. ↑ Windus, Astrid, ed. (2013). Image - Object - Performance: mediality and communication in cultural contact zones of Colonial Latin America and the Philippines. Cultural encounters and the discourses of scholarship (1. Aufl ed.). Münster München Berlin: Waxmann. ISBN 978-3-8309-7929-6.
  34. ↑ Template:Citation
  35. ↑ Dizon, Mark (2015). "Sumpong: Spirit Beliefs, Murder, and Religious Change among Eighteenth-Century Aeta and Ilongot in Eastern Central Luzon". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints (in English). 63 (1): 3–38. doi:10.1353/phs.2015.0007. ISSN 2244-1638.
  36. 1 2 3 Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander; Bourne, Edward Gaylord (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803. 5 (1582–1583). The Arthur H. Clark Company. Archived from the original on June 4, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
  37. 1 2 3 Say lingo: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Blumentritt
  38. ↑ Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). The Philippines: A Unique Nation (2nd ed.). Quezon City: All-Nations Publishing Company. p. 69. ISBN 971-642-064-1.
  39. ↑ "The Gods and Goddesses". https://sites.google.com/site/philmyths/lesson-2. Inala nen May 2, 2022.
  40. ↑ Alvina, C.S. (2001). "Colors and patterns of dreams". In Oshima, Neal M.; Paterno, Maria Elena (eds.). Dreamweavers. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark. pp. 46–58. ISBN 9715694071.
  41. ↑ "The Preconquest Filipino Tattoos". January 10, 2018. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810040957/https://datupress.com/2018/01/10/the-preconquest-filipino-tattoos/. Inala nen August 10, 2021.
  42. 1 2 Say lingo: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named buen
  43. ↑ Say lingo: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Scott1994
  44. ↑ Say lingo: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named hislop
  45. ↑ Say lingo: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named kroeber
  46. ↑ Say lingo: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named rodell
  47. ↑ Say lingo: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ap
  48. ↑ Salvador-Amores, Analyn (2011-06). "Batok (Traditional Tattoos) in Diaspora: The Reinvention of a Globally Mediated Kalinga Identity". South East Asia Research (in English). 19 (2): 293–318. doi:10.5367/sear.2011.0045. ISSN 0967-828X. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  49. ↑ Paterno, Maria Elena P.; Castro, Sandra B.; Javellana, René B.; Alvina, Corazon S. (2001). Oshima, Neal (ed.). Dreamweavers. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark. ISBN 978-971-569-407-0.
  50. ↑ Kernfeld, Barry (2015-10). Roach, Max (10 January 1924–16 August 2007). American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ↑ Windus, Astrid, ed. (2013). Image - Object - Performance: mediality and communication in cultural contact zones of Colonial Latin America and the Philippines. Cultural encounters and the discourses of scholarship (1. Aufl ed.). Münster München Berlin: Waxmann. ISBN 978-3-8309-7929-6.
  52. ↑ Potet, Jean-Paul (2017). Ancient beliefs and customs of the Tagalogs. Clichy: Jean-Paul G. Potet. ISBN 978-0-244-34873-1.
  53. ↑ Halili, Maria Christine (2004). Philippine History. Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. pp. 58–59. ISBN ISBN 9789712339349. Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help).CS1 maint: extra text (link) CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  54. ↑ Cole, Fay-Cooper; Gale, Albert.; Laufer, Berthold (1922). The Tinguian; social, religious, and economic life of a Philippine tribe. Publication. Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago: [s.n.]
  55. ↑ Royle, Stephen (2018-11-30). "Tips from the blog XI: docx to pdf". https://doi.org/10.59350/fkbwr-efa03. Inala nen 2025-03-16.
  56. ↑ Royle, Stephen (2018-11-30). "Tips from the blog XI: docx to pdf". https://doi.org/10.59350/fkbwr-efa03. Inala nen 2025-03-16.
  57. ↑ Royle, Stephen (2018-11-30). "Tips from the blog XI: docx to pdf". https://doi.org/10.59350/fkbwr-efa03. Inala nen 2025-03-16.
  58. ↑ Scott, William Henry (2004). Barangay: sixteenth century Philippine culture and society (5. pr ed.). Manila: Ateneo de Manila Univ. Pr. ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
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